ARF Essay - 748 Words

Decreased expression of ARF in human cancer Consistent with the findings in mice, frequent mutation or deletion of the ARF/INK4a in numerous human cancers was discovered (Refs. 41, 68, 69; Table 1). It is difficult, however, to assess the relative importance of p16INK4a and p14ARF individually in humans since mutation or deletion at the ARF/INK4a locus frequently affects both proteins (Ref. 8). Generally, exon 2 is the site of mutation, affecting either p16INK4a, p14ARF, or both proteins. Some of these exon 2 mutations alter ARF localization and affect its regulation of downstream target proteins (Refs. 71, 72). Silencing of the ARF gene promoter through hypermethylation is frequently observed in human cancers (Ref. 73) although the†¦show more content†¦78), which had been proved in a mouse model (Ref. 6). ARF overexpression in human cancer Silva et al. (Ref. 83) have performed a comprehensive analysis of the inactivation mechanisms (mutation, homozygous and hemizygous deletion, and promoter hypermethylation) in of 100 primary breast carcinomas. RT-PCR showed expression variable of the p14ARF transcript, with 17% overexpression and 26% decreased expression. No detectable alterations were observed in the majority of cases with overexpressed p14ARF mRNA, but 77% of tumors with decreased expression showed one or more of these genetic alterations (Ref. 83). A significant correlation was observed between decreased p14ARF expression and poor prognostic parameters. The same group later studied the inactivation mechanisms that alter the levels (Ref. 84). Furthermore, the interdependence of inactivation mechanisms was studied since it had been reported that p14ARF was altered in tumors in concordance with p16INK4a. They showed that promoter hypermethylation was the major mechanism of inactivation of these genes, which was present in 31% and 50% of the tumors that showed decreased p16INK4a and p14ARF expression, respectively. No detectable inactivation mechanisms were observed in tumors overexpressing p16INK4a or p14ARF. In conclusion, these tumor suppressor proteins were often co-altered in human breastShow MoreRelatedArf Case Study Essay2506 Words   |  11 PagesARF Case Study Acute Renal Failure Case Study Directions: Please carefully read the following case study and answer the following questions in typed format. The resources that you will need to complete this case study include your textbook and drug book. Please include in text citations. This independent assignment is worth 25 points. Ann Hayes, age 68, initially was admitted to the hospital for elective surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Her surgery was documentedRead MoreAcute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)1512 Words   |  7 PagesAcute rheumatic fever (ARF) is defined by Mosby (2010) as a systemic inflammatory disease which is enabled development with inadequate treatment of upper respiratory tract infections of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Repeated episodes of ARF can cause autoimmune reactions within the heart which in turn inflicts damage upon the heart muscle and heart valves, a condition termed as rheumatic heart disease (RHD) (Mosby, 2010). Predominately ARF and RDH cases are found to effect people living inRead MoreEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pages(kidney failure), a dangerous disorder. Stein (2002) defines renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes o f kidney failure: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). This essay will focus on CRF and explain its two major causes. Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is progressive destruction of kidney tissue by disease; if not treated by dialysis (removal of waste substances from theRead MoreThe Benefits of a Multicultural America1460 Words   |  6 Pageschanging face of U.S. multicultural markets. He is Leader of the ARF s People Forum and won the ARF s 2008 Great Mind Award. Cole, Charlie, â€Å"America Finally is a True Melting Pot. Morning Call Nov 09 2008. ProQuest Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Charlie Cole is an acclaimed author who writes for the morning call. The author believes that Americans melting pot of different cultures is getting stronger with each new generation. In his essay America finally, he discusses modern America and the stepsRead MoreKidney Failure Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagesthe kidneys. Stein (2002) defines the renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of the kidney failure. The first one is acute renal failure which is abbreviated to (ARF) and the second one is chronic renal failure where can be shortened to (CRF). Gaw et al (2008) identified the differences between them as that the kidneys in acute kidney failure fail over a period of days or hours, while the chronic kidney failureRead MoreSoutheast Asian Nations ( Asean ) Essay1868 Words   |  8 PagesASEAN Summits, the ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (AMM), and the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meetin g (ADMM). In 1994, the inaugural ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held and the meeting comprised ASEAN member states and sovereign states within the Asia-Pacific region that â€Å"has an impact on the peace and security of the geographical footprint of key ARF activities†. With these mechanisms in place and the increased cooperation, one could be led into thinking that all would be rosy within Southeast Asia;Read MoreQuestions On Environmental Summer Assignment1522 Words   |  7 Pages3) Environmental Summer Assignment Essays a) E-Waste In the 21st century, everyone feels the need to be up to speed with all of the new gadgets and technology. When new technology is released, people drop everything they’re doing to run out and buy it. But what happens to their fairly used devices that have been labeled â€Å"out of style†? They are thrown away and become electronic waste. Types of it, E-Waste as it is better known as, includes unwanted or broken circuit boards, computers, monitors,Read MoreThe First Challenge For Australian Foreign Policy1765 Words   |  8 Pagesare protected. In return, the EAS has not only supported in regional security but it also has assisted cooperation between its membership countries (Harvey, 2015). Moreover, Australia has also worked cooperatively in building relationship with the ARF to protect against and effectively respond to unpredicted issues in regional security. As statistic showed, Australia has contributed significantly to the AFR security aspect. In return, the AFR has helped Australia to secure itself from regional dangersRead MoreThe World War And The Cold War2435 Words   |  10 Pagesflow†(Nierop, 1994,p.171). The role of states from the most powerful actors of internal domain is shifting its focus to being active agents in the global arena to combat, prevent, promote and regulate geopolitical, economic and social equity. This essay describes and defines the changing role of state over the past decades under the concept of Globalization, a cultural phenomenon based essentially on economic trade. The global transformation and change in roles of states can be measured in termsRead MoreIs Marketing Science or Arts2968 Words   |  12 Pagesplace/distribution strategy that needs to be developed and finally the promotion . The scientific classification for marketing is divided into a group of four factors ranging from practicality, knowledge based, academic based as well as intellectual needs. This essay will focus on some of key factors to argue the point that while marketing as an activity does tend to involve artistic endeavors requiring creativity on the part of marketers, the core of marketing itself as a subject matter is that its very much

Love in John Donnes A Valediction Forbidding Mourning...

Love in John Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress John Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning and Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress both talk about love but has different views about it, one talks about physical love and the other talks about spiritual love. John Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning compared love to a circle while Andrew Marvels To His Coy Mistress compared love to a straight line. Both poems are act of persuasions. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is persuading the reader that true love is eternal while To His Coy Mistress the speaker is persuading the mistress to make passionate sex with him. Therefore, with all of these similarities and†¦show more content†¦Life is viewed as linear where theres a beginning and theres an end. To His Coy Mistress is about an act of persuasion of a man who has a raging and lustful desire to consummate his love to his coy mistress. Marvell was born in Yorkshire and although he was not a Puritan himself, he supported the Puritans cause during the civil war (1142). His Puritan belief may not have influenced his poem. He wrote the poem when he was 60 years of age, same age Donne wrote his A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning. Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning in terms of structure has a sense of continuity, which resembles a circle. The poem consists of nine stanzas of four lines or quatrains. Every second line of the poem is indented as if its a weave of a basket. It has a continuous alternating pattern similar to the weavings of a basket symbolizing continuity as if its a continuous cycle, which remind you of a circle. Moreover, Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning started and ended the poem with death, again as if its a continuous cycle emulating a drawing of a circle. When you draw a circle, you start and end at the same point. Donne depicts this idea of a circle by starting and ending the poem with the same point. He pointed out that when we die we continue on and so our true love. On the other hand, the structure of Marvells To His Coy Mistress depicts a straight line where theres a beginning, a middle, and an end. TheShow MoreRelatedEmphasizing The True Meaning Of Poems By Andrew Marvell And John Donne s A Valediction : Forbidding Mourning1148 Words   |  5 Pagesseventeenth century the poets Andrew Marvell and John Donne expressed their feelings through poetry. Both John Donne, born in 1572 and Andrew Marvell, born in 1621 in England, are known for their ideas of metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is a persuasive poem that uses a conceit. It focuses on imagery, paradoxes, arguments, philosophy and religion. Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and John Donne’s â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning,† focus on the theme of love, which was trending at thatRead More Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning1448 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress a nd John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning One may define poetry as imaginative and creative writing which uses elements like rhyme, meter, and imagery to express personal thoughts, feelings, or ideas. Certain subjects recur frequently in poetry such as carpe diem, nature, death, and family. Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valediction: Forbiddmg Mourning, focus on the prevalent topic of love. Although both poemsRead MoreEssay on Love and Metaphysical Poetry1635 Words   |  7 PagesThese being A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and To His Coy Mistress. Both poems possess different themes and features that will be compared and contrasted throughout, however, are connected through the discourse of love. The four letter word with so much meaning, but what really is love? Can a definite meaning be placed upon or it, or is it perhaps a matter of opinion? John Donne’s poem, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning is a plea written to Donne’s wife asking her not to mourn his absence. Read MoreLove in HJohn Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and Andrew Marvell ´s To His Coy Mistress838 Words   |  4 Pagesand emotional attachments that can be defined as love. Even though writers of prose and poetry have long belabored these two specific areas of discussion, the depth and diversity in approach is something that can only be described with regards to the differential between personalities and the world you of the author in question. Accordingly, the following analysis will be concentric upon discussing and analyzing the approach and understanding of love that two specific poets exhibit within their respectiveRead MoreComparison of How John Donne and Andrew Marvell Present Death in Poems To His Coy Mistress and Holy Sonnet X1163 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of How John Donne and Andrew Marvell Present Death in Poem s To His Coy Mistress and Holy Sonnet X In the poems To His Coy Mistress and Holy Sonnet X the idea of death plays a strong part in the overall messages of the poems. Both poets use effective but very different methods in order to put forward their views and/or to make a point about society. ====================================================================== John Donnes poem Holy Sonnet X is veryRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry By John Donne1590 Words   |  7 Pageswho wrote his book which is known as ‘’Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets’’, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvel, Richard Crashaw, George Herbert and finally who was the main founder, John Donne. John Donne (1572 - 1631), the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry, lived and wrote during the succeeding reigns of Elizabeth I, James 1 and Charles I. His early life was passed in dissipation and roguery, much occupied with secret love-making, elopement, imprisonment, and lawsuit over his marriageRead MoreShakespeare Sonnet 291485 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain the similes developed in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† OR â€Å"Sonnet 29.† In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 29† he compares how his state of mind changes when he thinks about his love. This is shown in the quote, â€Å"Happly I think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day rising from sullen earth.† 2. Explain the Shakespearian sonnet’s structure and rhyme scheme. †¢ Shakespearian sonnets use three quatrains and a couplet. A quatrain consists of four lines, and a couplet

Oxmyx Industries, Inc. HR Crisis Free Essays

string(48) " there also are several problems I see with Mr\." I’m currently a manager in the human resources department of Oxmyx Industries, Inc. which is a medium sized agricultural processing firm that specializes in the production and distribution of high protein foodstuffs made from grain quadrotriticale. Oxmyx Industries, or simply OI, was founded in the 1950’s by Bela Oxmyx, a man who called the nation Iotia home. We will write a custom essay sample on Oxmyx Industries, Inc.: HR Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bela Oxmyx fled Iotia to come to the United States in the mid 1940’s upon the Soviet’s takeover of his homeland. Not long after his arrival to the U. S. , Bela opened up a small market for fresh produce on the lower east side of Manhattan; this small market eventually expanded into a chain of grocery stores throughout the tri-state area, consisting of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Ultimately, Omyx chose to focus on the processing of agricultural products for his company. Today Bella Oxmyx owns only 51 percent of the outstanding stock and remains Chief Executive Officer of Oxmyx Industries, Inc. I currently work at the company’s corporate headquarters in New York and my responsibilities include the negotiation of the employee benefit package, the fair resolution of employee grievances, and maintaining the overall employee morale. As of lately, many of our female employees have been filing complaints about several of our male employees. These objections are mainly targeted at three individual employees, JoJo Krako, Tepo and Zabo. The women have highlighted the three’s illicit behavior with such references as calling them baby or â€Å"chicky†, repeatedly asking them out, and leering at them while conversing amongst themselves in their native language. Unfortunately however, the complaints don’t stop there: the female managers have also complained that these individuals are slow to carry out instructions and sometimes even appear to be resentful about doing so, as well as frequently surly, rude, making disrespectful comments and looking at them in an uncomfortable manner while talking in their own language. In addition to all that, several women have also claimed that these men have pictures of nude and semi-nude women plastered in their lockers in the men’s locker room. These complaints garnered my attention so I went ahead and did a bit of research of my own. I ended up stumbling upon documents that revealed some interesting and shocking facts about the three troublesome employees. I found out that each of these men were from Iotia, Oxymyx’s homeland, had lower job skills and experience than any of the other members of the staff, and most notably, hey had less skills and experience than several of the applicants who had applied for the same positions and got rejected. I noticed that on each of these men’s files it read â€Å"Legacy B. O†, so I asked my superior what those letters represented and he told me that it was Mr. Oxymy’s code way of saying to hire that individual. After further research I discovered that these three employees were not the on ly men that have been hired by the company whose documents had â€Å"Legacy B. O† on it; I found roughly 30 other instances with similar cases. In each case, the person hired was a young white male who recently arrived in the United States from Iotia; also an overwhelming amount of complaints had been filed around the same time period of the hiring. I became very troubled by these recent discoveries and decided to approach the CEO himself, Mr. Oxymyx. When I explained my findings on the men’s conduct towards the female staff to Mr. Oxmyx he said to me, â€Å"That’s just their way. Iotia is a very traditional patriarchal culture, you know. Krako and others are not used to seeing women in positions of authority. But give them some time and they will adjust like I have. I am Iotian myself you know. † I then told Mr. Oxmyx that none of the Iotian employees hired over the past five years were qualified individuals for the job. Mr. Oxmyx then proceeded to tell me the story of how things were when he first arrived in America; he came to the U. S with nothing due to the Soviets confiscating all of his family’s assets. While going through the immigration he saw a man with a sign that offered help to all Iotians; the man was a representative of the group FIG, First Iotian Group, an organization whose duty is to help Iotian immigrants to the U. S. After helping him get on his feet, the organization asked him that when he is successful to help the next generation of Iotian immigrants to the U. S. Oxmyx gave his word that he would, which explains why there have been unexplainable hiring’s of Iotian immigrants within the company. I returned to my office and after further review noticed that many of the more qualified applicants who have been passed over were either African American or Hispanics from impoverished backgrounds. I understand where Mr. Oxymyx is coming from to a certain extent: When he first arrived to the U. S. he had nothing and other Iotian immigrants helped him become very successful and he is now the majority owner of a business that he started and didn’t let success get in the way of remembering where he came from. It makes sense that after the help he received from his fellow countrymen he feels it is his duty to do the same for others. He is Iotian after all and the majority owner of a business, so why not take advantage of that and make it easier for Iotians to get hired by his company. Technically it is against the law to hire based on race and ethnicity, those are traits that an employer is supposed to ignore; however I feel Mr. Oxymyx is trying to follow his personal ethics, which is to help out his own people in their time of need because once upon a time he was helped. However, there also are several problems I see with Mr. You read "Oxmyx Industries, Inc.: HR Crisis" in category "Papers" Oxymyx’s â€Å"policy†. When he first came to the United States in the mid 1940’s, the situation in Iotia was very different than it is now. Iotia back then was being invaded by the former Soviet Union, and the Soviets had stripped Oxymyx’s family of all their assets so essentially when he arrived to the U. S. he had literally nothing, nothing but hope that is; he was a desperate man coming from a desperate nation with nothing to offer but hard work. Now is not 1940; we are now in the 21st century and the Soviet Union does not even exist anymore. Iotia is not in a state of war causing people to flee from the same harsh conditions as Mr. Oxymyx once did. Yes, the United States is most likely still a land of better opportunity than Iotia is, making it very appealing for people to move from the eastern European nation, however due to the fact that they are not as desperate to come here anymore, Mr. Oxymyx does not have to view the new immigrants in the same light as he viewed his emigration experience. He has not lived in Iotia for over 50 years now and surely conditions are very different in today’s world, no matter what country you’re in. Although he feels that he was greatly assisted in the transition and welcomed by his fellow countrymen when he arrived to the U. S. and would like to return the favor and not forget where he came from, the young men who are making the same trip across the pond today are not in the same boat as he, so hiring them is no longer as urgent as it once was. Mr. Oxymyx also told me that the reason why the three Iotians Jojo, Thepo and Zabo were so rude to the female staff members is because where they come from, they are not used to seeing women in positions of authority so it is a new thing that they haven’t become accustomed to yet. In the U. S. we treat all co-workers with equal respect no matter gender, age or race. The problem is that Mr. Oxymyx keeps comparing these young men to himself as if they are him 60 years ago. He fails to realize that he came to the U. S. at a much different time, when the world was a different place. Yes, back then it is possible that in Iotia women were not treated very respectfully, and it was not uncommon for them to be sexually harassed by their male counterparts; however as I’ve mentioned before, Oxymyx came in at a different time. Look at the example of African Americans in our culture: not too long ago they were treated as second rate citizens in the U. S. Battling racism and racist comments was not an uncommon thing at the time, but it is most definitely not accepted in today’s U. S. Maybe in his time in Iotia it was ordinary to degrade women, but it is very possible that things have changed since, especially given the 60 years past, so he should not necessarily be making excuses for the way these three individuals behave. Maybe they are just that way, and it doesn’t mean they are representing the modern Iotian culture as a whole. When I looked into more of the company’s employment documents and realized that many of the candidates that were passed over for hiring positions were not only more qualified than their Iotian counterparts, the majority of the ones passed over were minorities of African American or Hispanic descent; this on the other hand, I have a big problem with. These people were from poor and desperate backgrounds and needed the jobs just as much as the Iotians, so it is unfair that they did not receive a chance at all, making it seem as if there was a racial aspect to the hiring process as well. If Mr. Oxymyx is about helping out those that are in by giving them jobs, he should at least consider the minorities as well. It appears that Mr. Oxymyx may still have some racist ways from the past that he has not let go of while he has been in the United States, and that to me is definitely an ethical dilemma that exceeds helping out his fellow countrymen. If Oxymyx chooses that he wants to giv e an advantage to Iotian citizens when he is hiring, that I do not have as much a problem with, after all, he is the founder of the company and is Iotian himself and I don’t see if being a huge ethical deal given his past life experiences. I do however think that there should be a limit to his helping hand. He can hire these less skilled and qualified workers just because of their heritage, but what I absolutely cannot tolerate is if these same men also bring there disrespectful mannerisms to the workplace. Beggars can’t be choosers; by that I mean they are lucky they got hired despite their lacking in skill and experience, so that last thing they need to do is also come to work with the arrogance and superiority complex over women. They should be thankful for their opportunity and should put their head down and be the hardest working people in the company to show how thankful they are to Mr. Oxymyx for the experience. I plan to meet with Mr. Oxymyx again, and I have a few suggestions for him. I will first let him know that although he seems to have good intentions, he needs to realize that the men he is hiring are not coming from the same war torn Iotia that he fled; he should not compare himself to them. The world has changed from the 40’s and maybe women were not treated with respect back in 1940’s Iotia, but it is likely that situation has changed. Regardless of that, we live in the United States and these men have moved here to come look for a better life and if they wish to partake in our society, they must also follow our societal rules and ethics; they need to leave their rude manners behind because that is not how things work here, and Mr. Oxymyx needs to sit each of them down and let them know that. I will also recommend to him that there needs to be a company policy put in place and anyone that does not follow the guidelines will be dismissed. After all, these are grown men and here, and they should have the brain capacity to understand that they are in a different country now with different customs, they should feel privileged to have the opportunity to begin a new life in the U. S therefore they need to respect the culture as well. I will also ask Mr. Oxymyx why most of the job applicants that are being passed over happen to be Black and Hispanic, which is definitely a racial issue that is against the laws for hiring. I do respect that Mr. Oxymyx does has not forgotten his heritage and knows where and what he came from no matter how successful he is, which is why he wants to give back, but if he is to give an advantage to Iotians in his company they need to follow the guidelines that I have suggested and the societal rules that we have instilled here in America. I will at least be able to tolerate the fact that they are unfairly being given jobs that they are not quite qualified for if they follow the rules above and beyond. However, if no action is taken than I will encourage the women to file lawsuits against these men, as well as Mr. Oxymyx himself for knowingly breaking laws about hiring as well as knowing this harassment activity is going on, and I will encourage Mr. Oxymyx to dismiss them all to prevent losing his company and all he’s worked for. How to cite Oxmyx Industries, Inc.: HR Crisis, Papers

Product Portfolio Strategic Marketing- Click Here to Get Solution

Question: This assignment has been designed to allow students the opportunity to explore the underlying importance of marketing and a marketing philosophy within organisations, and to society as a whole. Assessment Task Most organisations offer more than one product or service..The advantage here is that the various products the product portfolio can be managed so that they are not all in the same phase in their life cycles. Having products evenly spread across life cycles allows for the most efficient use of both cash and human resources. Answer: Introduction Nokia Corporation is a multinational organization wander, aimed on going on things and relationship in the remote information trades, data progress and wired business winds. Head office situated in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland. The company is one of the snappiest making relationship in the world. In a matter of seconds, they consist of more than 120,000 masters throughout the planet with yearly wage of 52 billion up to 2008. The organization at present makes a wide amassing of cell phones and PDAs despite a humble social event of beautification despite focusing on mobile phones and IT contraptions, Nokia as well offers mechanized colleague data, course affiliations, and Internet affiliations. Nokia is the second most basic adaptable shipper by complting 85.3 million oders in 4Q 2012, after Samsung who achieved 105.5 million oder shipment. Amidst that time, Samsung and Nokia charged the industry bit of the general business which were 22% and 18%, only. Offending having an unending chang e of total business transactions in 2012s last quarter. The company has encountered a networking loss for goodness' sake considered 3,106 million. As appeared by the statement of Nokia's mission, they plan to overhaul connection among versatile phone customers clearing. The organization continues with their aim to go on noticeable contraptions that offer entry to a wide game-plan of occupations and lovely parties. The company does not simply offer applications to its remote contraptions before long, in like route for its Internet-associated with segment phones which offer the best wide experience and regard suggestion. Product Portfolio Managing theincreasing amount of trafficon our system of lines and staying connected in the quickly changing industry landscape is a huge challenge. Above that, we have to handle our functions and keep record of the business (Doorasamy, 2015).No matter its the newest network technology, or procedures to help usmanage our business better organized way, our products might help us to stay competitive and growing revenue. Nokia Networks offerings? Customer Experience Management (CEM) Gain awholly, actual viewof our subscribers,and turning this perspective into aimed actionsthat make the experience of the customer better and drive loyalty and profitability (Nokia down on networks; but up on handsets, 2001). Developed Packet core Prime our networks for theintense display in data and signaling jamin mobile networks. Convergence/ IMS Provide a smooth developing path regarding anall-IP corewith IMS as the main controller of demand for LTE networks offering multimedia and voice services. Mobile broadband Operations Support Systems (OSS) Smart OSS helps you function your network to make certain better experience of customer in a cost-effective way. IP Partner products Leverage the correct skills, solutions and partners to sustain yourIP transformation process. 7. Subscriber data management Unlock the worth of customer data. Transport networks Get the quickest connectionsaround mobile and fixed environments to effectively manage explosive growth of traffic. Customer Experience Management (CEM) High Quality, High Price Evolved Packet core High Quality, Low Price Convergence/ IMS High Quality, High Price Mobile broadband Low Quality, High Price Operations Support Systems (OSS) High Quality, Low Price IP Partner products Low quality, Low Price Subscriber data management High Quality, Low Price Transport networks Low Quality, High Price Product Life Cycle Product life cycle of a brand is an essential thought in publicizing. It delineates the platform a product experiences from since it was at first taken in to consideration until it at last is expelled from the business division. Not all products finish this last step. Some proceed to make and others rise and fall (Susman, 1994). Stages Time Duration Introduction 1995-2002 Growth 2002-2009 Maturity 2009-2011 Decline 11-Till Now Figure 1 Introduction Stage (1995-2002) Launched very few models because of less demand. Both CDMA and GSM phones were sold. Launched its 1st model Nokia 2110 with Nokia tune as ringtone. It was the first model of receiving and sending SMSs. Competed with Motorola the market leader of that time. Nokia went along Price Skimming Policy (Nokia commits to single joint venture, 2003). Nokia almost never followed any discount policy, it gave a generous amount of backend to the retailers. Able to move factors of the mobile attracted the buyers without any marketing schemes. Growth Stage (2002-2009) Growth Rate 1120% Started phones without any external antenna, had much better features such as alarms, ergonomic keypads, games, etc. Models such as Nokia 3315 3310 marked the starting of the growth stage. Nokia also launched N95 to outperform other phones (Salonen and Gabrielsson, 2012). Followed Price Skimming Strategy in initial growth stage. As popularity and profits increased prices were slashed up to 5000 rupees for models like 3310 and 3315. Afterwards on in the upcoming years the company adopted the Price Penetration Strategy. Postpaid connections were given free with Nokia phones. Persons who owned Pager when bought Nokia phones discounts on postpaid tariffs were given. Dealers and wholesalers got a large Maturity Stage (2009-2011) Growth rate 45% Nokia launched a few touch screen models, launched QWERTY keypad models and focused on E series models to compete with Blackberry. Attractive, good and secured packaging was started during the period. Followed Price Penetration Strategy for continuing growth (Rodrigues, Maccari and Lenzi). Launched models ranging from 1000 to 25000. Often reduced prices of low end models for competing with LG, Micromax, etc. When purchasing N8 with Nokia Bluetooth stereo headset combo offers were given. Sennheiser headset was given free with selected models. Scratch cards were offered to the customers to avail instant discount. Decline Stage (2011-Till Now) Growth Rate 62% Symbian Os was upgraded with 3 Belle. The organization shifted focus towards making windows as its main OS. Launched its first Windows phone and gave Symbian to only low end models (Nokia touchscreen creates texture illusion, 2010). Continuation of Price Penetration Strategy was done as companys profit declined due to close competition from Samsung Micromax, etc, had mobiles ranging from 1000 to 30000. Lowering in price also lead to downfall in quality. Company distributed freebees like wrist watches a t-shirts with the product logos, retailers were also encouraged for sailing Lumia phone by giving them extra incentives for the sale. Pricing Decision in context of PPM and PLC Pricing during introduction stage Nokia followed Price Skimming Policy. Nokia almost never followed any discount policy, it gave a good sum of backend to the wholesalers. Mobility factors of the mobile attracted the buyers without any schemes for promotion. Pricing during Growth Stage Followed Price Skimming Strategy in initial growth stage. As popularity and profits increased prices were slashed up to 5000 rupees for models like 3310 and 3315. Later on in the coming years Nokia adopted the Price Penetration Strategy. Postpaid connections were given free with Nokia phones. Persons who owned Pager when bought Nokia phones discounts on postpaid tariffs were given. Dealers and retailers got a large amount of backend profit top increase the sale and drive growth. Pricing during Maturity Stage Attractive, good and secured packaging was started during the period. Followed Price Penetration Strategy for continuing growth. Launched models ranging from 1000 to 25000. Often reduced prices of low end models for competing with LG, Micromax, etc, When purchasing N8 with Nokia Bluetooth stereo headset combo offers were given. Sennheiser headset was given free with selected models. Scratch cards were gifted to the consumers to get instant discount. Pricing during Decline Stage Price Penetration Strategy was continued as companys profit declined due to tough fight from Samsung Micromax, etc, Had mobiles ranging from 1000 to 30000. Lowering in price also lead to downfall in quality. Company distributed freebees like wrist watches and t-shirts with the product logos, retailers were also encouraged for sailing Lumia phone by giving them extra incentives for the sale. Competition In the present situation Nokia Networks considers five affiliations Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, Samsung, Huawei, and ZTE to be its standard adversaries as fundamental versatile structure establishment suppliers. Nokia Networks in like path fights with IT relationship, for instance, Cisco Systems and Oracle (Nokia outsources for first time, 2001). The actuated wireless working system Android, Google released in 2008, changed into another business piece change. The actuated mobile phone storm drove by iPhone and Android has ended up being business division standard. Curiously, Nokia excluded the basic position of the cellular telephone bit of the pie, the masterminding dropped to the third. Also obnoxious, Nokia's offer of the pushed cell market in 2011 has dropped from 33% in 2010 to not totally a quarter far lower than Apple and Samsung. As displayed by the versatile Internet customers' behavior research study in 2012 done by CNNIC, half of Nokia's remote customers anticipated that wou ld buy pushed cell later on, of which overwhelming part picked the Android structure, and an area picked IOS system. Gigantic customer trading assembled that the destiny of Nokia's cell telephone bit of the general business would move diminish, Nokia was testing how to take after new customers, and moreover how to hold the old customers (Nokia outsources for first time, 2001). Examination Consulting's report released in December 2012 exhibited that for the secretly run organization locale of telephone arrangements, Samsung changed into the business part pioneer took after by Apple, HUAWEI, Lenovo and HTC took after. External and Macro-Level Effects Common checking is the viewing, assessing, and diffusing of data from the outside and inward environment to key individuals inside the endeavor or association. Consistent reviewing is a strategy for get-together, dissecting, and coordinating data for imperative or essential purposes. The ecological assessing process incorporates securing both legitimate and subjective data on the business circumstances in which an affiliation is working or considering entering(Lodhia, 2007). There are three modes by which affiliations channel their surroundings: o particularly designated checking - short term, extraordinary examinations if all else fails started by an emergency: affiliations break down it environment as an aftereffect of emergency that is affecting the relationship as of now and separate the circumstance to know whether the issue is internal or outside; Strategic Environmental sifting and affiliation execution in a Competitive Business most to an incredible degree careful affiliation s can see environment checking as an endeavor that ought to be done in many cases and in light of current circumstances, a broad portion of such affiliations do it dependably; steady checking in like way got interminable learning persistent sorted out information collecting and anticipating a sweeping degree of ordinary variables(Draper, 2006). Application of SWOT analysis is a yield of the inside and outside environment is a significant part of the key arranging process. Organic segments inside to the firm generally speaking can be named qualities (S) or insufficiencies (W), and those outside to the firm can be doled out open entryways (O) or dangers (T)(Composites industry gets SWOT analysis, 2001). Such an examination of the key environment is suggested as a SWOT examination. The SWOT examination gives data that is significant in sorting out the association's advantages and capacities to the connected with environment in which it works. In light of current circumstances, it is instrumental in system listing and determination. Application of PESTLE analysis is an impairment examination stays for Political, Economic, Social-social, and Technological examination and portrays a game-plan of full scale environmental sections used as a part of the trademark detaching fragment of key affiliation. It is a part of the outside examination when driving a noteworthy examination or doing quantifiable thinking about, and gives a chart of the different full scale typical bits that the alliance needs to consider. It is an imperative key instrument for appreciation business fragment change or rot, business position, potential and course for operations(Srdjevic, Bajcetic and Srdjevic, 2012). The making enormity of normal or regular fragments in the rule decade of the 21st century have offered move to green business and engaged in all cases use of an upgraded assortment of the PEST structure. Creation Political variables regard how and to what degree a speaking to body plead for somebody in the economy. Especially, politica l fragments join spaces, for example work law, charge plan, trade containments, consistent law, charges, and political security. Political parts may furthermore join things and affiliations which the affiliation needs to give or be given and those that the social event does not have any yearning to be given. Besides, have staggering result on the thriving, arranging, and nations base. Budgetary fragments join cash regarding change, exchange rates, credit costs and the headway rate. These variables affect how affiliations function and pick. Effect on PPM PLC Environment filtering is the course of action of managing the estimation, projection and assessment of changes in the specific environment variables. By a long shot by a long shot the greater part of the affiliation today are making fluctuating sorts of structures that will control them in their business surroundings, and this must be refined through the examination of the earth. It's passed on some centrality to ecological taking a gander at as takes after the earth is skilled in nature, subsequently isolating is crucial to stay instructed concerning transform; it uncovers the parts or pieces that constitute risks and chance to the general centers of the association together; contender's exercises can be watched and fitting systems set up to check market obstruction; it gives noteworthy inputs to the demonstrating and execution of strong driving procedures(Machine monitoring with PLC support, 1993). Influence of PPM PLC on product development Nokia has a long obligation in driving Life Cycle Assessments or LCAs and has done standard effect examinations since the reason for meeting of the 1990's. They have perpetually updated our assessments, including structures and stock information, to change them to better outline our things. By and large Nokia has guided new frameworks as they have been passed on and have could be accessible(Peltola and Mkinen, 2014). Beginning late Nokia has partaken in the Directorate General for the Environment's street attempting of Product Environmental Footprint control other than in the pilot test by Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology to test the distinctive methodology to audit the centrality use and nursery gas arrivals of ICT. LCA is a key contraption as it gives a quantitative purpose for measuring supportability. At Nokia, LCA is utilized for event to figure the common effect of things and exercises and looking over and seeing the crucial execution after some time. The key focus of the system is to diminish the ordinary effect by managing the genuine affiliation process. The possible results of the LCAs are utilized inside to see the key stages in the thing life cycle, for event where the best wellsprings of discharges and vitality use by system for telephone life cycle happen, and to make a move to minimize these effects(Cooper, Godwin and Hall, 2007). Despite the way that remotely Nokia just gives regular change effect and centrality use stock information, other basic effect sales are considered inside in key activity to maintain a strategic distance from weight moving to different classes. Selecting the basic effect classes for particular things should be finished with enough learning and data to back the choice up. Figuring even only the nursery gas or GHG discharges for our things requires wide work and research in light of the multifaceted method for our things and long and complex supply chains. Length of Nokias PLC The basic cellphone of Nokia entered individuals' tenure as a contraption of connecting, and was shockingly devoted to phone rings to be made for the nonattendance of settled phone. On that day, individuals could in no way, shape or form at all, by any methods, envision regarding they could utilize mobile phones to listen to any kind of music, view recordings, Internet surfing, redirections of play and even go shopping(Cooper, Steinbock and Lowenstein, 2001). As time goes on, with the movement and change of science and change, mobiles showed up in individuals' life, organized solid machine was not gifted to satisfy the new needs of individuals, cell phones producers started to handle that mobiles must be upgraded. Right when the mobile phone was standard in the business range distinctive years back, the more focal bit of customers gave cautious thought to the believable eat up of mobiles, for occasion, life of the battery and cell phones' drop number in relationship of the budgetary level cutoff, their buy practices were including all the all the moreover driving forward, target and veritable; in any case, individuals' remuneration ended up being essentially in twenty-first century, purchasing remote was no more as purposely beginning now, mobiles was more considered as joy contraptions, the buy conduct is more vivacious and activity. No ifs ands or buts, even with the redesigns of the business part and client request, Nokia still got the headway sorted out and thing arranged structures to control the movement of things, kept supporting the general properties of Nokia mobiles anomalous for event, the company was trying to create its cell phone which will be difficult to broken, then abused better approaches to manage regulate direct open up its life of the battery cross, and built up the pixel of cellular telephones to play out the cameras' standard(Cooper, Steinbock and Lowenstein, 2001). The heads concentrate on things and change a ton, checking on the last f ocus to remissness that the essentials of buyers have changed with the business division showing specific qualities. Essential power that wasn't set up on client's impact lead the company not just to divide itself from the business division, slight the authentic wants of purchasers, other than to do much sit still work. Customer Segments of the Nokias PLC Past picking which bits of the business part it will concentrate on, the association must settle on a quality proposal on how it will make pulled back worth for centered pieces and what positions it needs to join into those sections. A thing's position is the way the thing is depicted by clients on central qualities the spot the thing has in purchasers' brains concerning taking up with things. Things are made in the moved office, brands are made in the mind. Nokia is unmistakably using Differentiation system, which is a mixture of high division ground and target scope clearing(Haneef et al., 2014). Bunch in the showcasing mix for the Nokia 820 occurs in the Product and Price portions of the pushing mix. Nokia Lumia 920 is additionally bound, yet just a small part of the showcasing mix. Moreover the cost of the 920 is smaller and mid-related for the business section, it is not left alone. The mobiles are pulled once more from its marketers in the Product portion of the showcasing mix with their non- physical and physical properties. The real traits of the 820 and 920 are the approach of the thing other than the varying tones that are amped up for the buyers. The shades present customization for the device and differentiate the things from foes, for case, Apple and Samsung. The two affiliations routinely offer their mobiles in only two shades. The device is limit in a non-physical method through the organization's connection with Microsoft. The first to make a cellular telephone running Windows programming is Nokia, and now it is driving a more perceptible number of Windows phones than any of its foes. The Lumia1020 is other than separated by its innovative degrees of movement, for case, its dynamic camera. Nokia 920 and 820 both offer distant charging, which is another and innovative contribution for the Indian business zone(Haneef et al., 2014). Conclusion Nokia's focal target is to recuperate its drive position in the telephone market. The affiliation sees most urgent potential for finishing its objective in the relationship with Microsoft. As showed up by the earth examination the huge issue for the collaboration is the danger from existing adversaries. Apple Inc and Samsung are the business part pioneers, association with innovative things and shocking impelling technique. Apple is using apportioning framework while showing its things, and Samsung is using division technique for the lion's offer of its things except for its lead contraption. Nokia has made some spellbinding things in the Lumia game-plan, with amazingly huge influences and bewildering game-plans. However the business division achievement of these things has not been so sensational and Nokia did not finish its goal of changing into a business region pioneer in Europe. As showed up by the examination the clarification behind this isn't right usage of showcasing system and especially issues with the organizing of the things. References Composites industry gets SWOT analysis. (2001).Materials Today, 4(3), p.21. Cooper, J., Godwin, C. and Hall, E. (2007). Modeling process and material alternatives in life cycle assessments.Int J Life Cycle Assess, 13(2), pp.115-123. Cooper, R., Steinbock, D. and Lowenstein, R. (2001). The Nokia Revolution: The Story of an Extraordinary Company That Transformed an Industry.Foreign Affairs, 80(6), p.176. Draper, H. (2006). Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action.ENP, 8(02). Haneef, Z., Raza Rizvi, S., Madni, H., Khakwani, A. and Rizwan, M. (2014). Customer Loyalty of Nokia Mobiles; an Empirical Study Conducted In Pakistan.JSR, 5(1). Nokia down on networks; but up on handsets. (2001). III-Vs Review, 14(8), p.6. Nokia outsources for first time. (2001). III-Vs Review, 14(9), p.4. Lodhia, P. (2007).A macro level environmental performance comparison. Machine monitoring with PLC support. (1993).NDT E International, 26(1), p.48. Peltola, T. and Mkinen, S. (2014). Influence of the Adoption and Use of Social Media Tools on Absorptive Capacity in New Product Development.Engineering Management Journal, 26(3), pp.45-51. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B. (2012). Identifying the Criteria Set for Multicriteria Decision Making Based on SWOT/PESTLE Analysis: A Case Study of Reconstructing A Water Intake Structure.Water Resour Manage, 26(12), pp.3379-3393. Gadiesh, Orit, Dan Haas, and Geoffrey Cullinan. "Getting The Price Right".Strategy Leadership29.4 (2001): 27-31. Web. Lehr, William. "Mobile Broadband And Implications For Broadband Competition AndAdoption".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. "Millipore Adds To Product Portfolio".Membrane Technology2005.8 (2005): 4. Web. Doorasamy, M. (2015). Product Portfolio Management: An Important Business Strategy. Foundations of Management, 7(1).Rodrigues, Leonel Cezar, Emerson Antonio Maccari, and Fernando Cesar Lenzi. "Innovation Strategy For Business To Business Market Penetration".IBR5.2 (2012): n. pag. Web. Salonen, A. and Gabrielsson, M. (2012). The Challenge of Multinational Corporation (MNC)-Led Growth and Internationalization: The Case of Nokia-Dependent Suppliers. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 19(2), pp.147-173. Susman, Gerald I.Product Life Cycle Management. Hamilton, Ont.: Society of Management Accountants of Canada, 1994. Print.